'Learning and Memory.An introduction to theories of learning Essay\r'

'Learning and Memory\r\n inst each(prenominal)ation\r\n Cleaning the mode is the target demeanor in Bobby’s case. Mr. Kelly tries to keep on reminding his eight year old tike to not bad(p) his mode but it is constantly in vain. Since Mr. Kelly needs dish up in increasing the frequency of his child pieceup his room it could be assumed that bobby is expert and knows how to clean his room. The possible reason as to why he keeps on refraining from this assess is however unclear.\r\n operative teach is a rule of intimateness that incorporates acquisition of deportment and facing the consequences of the doings. In this type of learning trails are given to the learner twain to tally on or discourage succeeding(a) repetition of the corresponding behaviour (Olson &type A; Hergenhahn, 2013). Operant conditioning can be utilize to advertize Bobby in cleanup spot up his room. Through the various components of operative conditioning Mr. K elly can admit to encourage Bobby clean his room. Operant conditioning has dickens major concepts, funding and punishment, which could be affair in different ways to encourage bobby to clean his room.\r\n wages involves using reward that would otherwise increase the chances of bobby cleaning his room more often. Mr. Kelly could use various rewards such as giving bobby judgment of conviction to read T.V, buying little gifts that are issued severally clip bobby cleans his room. Such motivating factors go away encourage bobby to clean up his room. Reinforcement is of two types, ordained and negative wages, both ways can be capitalised in changing the behaviour of bobby. In authoritative rewardment for instance Mr. Kelly needs to style for items such as toys or prohibit of chocolate, preferably Mr. Kelly could choose some of the items bobby loves to the highest degree and use them to reward bobby later cleaning the room.\r\n Continuous use of n egative fortifyment over a long flowing of time would kick the bucket to Bobby developing an military posture towards cleaning his room. Thus positive reinforcing stimulus could be applied. For reinforcement to be hard-hitting both method should be use concurrently. Fixed ratio schedule and variant ratio schedules can be used to implement and encourage bobby to forever and a day clean the room. Fixed ratio schedule get out always reward bobby after a number of times he has cleaned the room. This method pull up stakes give immediate positive responses from bobby but would be consuming for Mr. Kelly. shifting ratio schedule would award bobby after irregular intervals of response from him. This can be very effective to reinforce Bobby to clean the room because the reinforcement can come all by and through the first calendar week and make the reluctance of cleaning the contribute an extinct behaviour.\r\n I pull up stakes open the operant conditioning to accou nt for Jackie’s development of the behaviour of phobia towards dogs. This is because the operant conditioning shows or explains why the organisms will acquire learned behaviour that they exhibit. The live focus of operant conditioning is by use of reinforcements as punishments or reward so as to increase or decrease the likelihood of occurrence or repetition of real behaviour (St augmenton & angstrom; Cerutti, 2003). In the case of Jackie, she received a negative reinforcement from the dog con and hence the phobia towards dogs development. to a fault the stitches and the time that she spent on medication do her develop the negative attitude towards dogs. This is because, in operant conditioning, it is clear that continued use of negative reinforcement will lead to the victim developing an attitude towards that physical object or behaviour.\r\n Some of the behaviour qualifying that could be designed to help Jackie to demolish the phobia that she has with dogs could be: Jackie could first of all spend time with her spouse with a comp some(prenominal) the trained dogs. This will help Jackie to see that dogs were not wild and they always do not bite any time you had an encounter with them. This will someways help her reverse the phobia she had towards dogs and in addition help her see the positive facial expression of the dogs. She should also be allowed to spend time with the trained dogs with the dogs being guided by the trainer to re master(prenominal) lively, obedient and cooperative to Jackie. This will act as a positive reinforcement towards Jackie’s behaviour. She will slowly by slowly operate liking dogs and hence they will fork over a happy life with her cooperator thereafter.\r\n There are two main principles of operant conditioning that are unvarnished in the case of Emma. First by the parents trying to offer Emma some build of reward, they are trying to positively reinforce the behaviour of cleaning he r room and toys through the principle of positive reinforcement. Also through putting her out, they are applying the principle of positive punishment by trying to add something bad so that she cannot repeat the same mistake.\r\n Operant conditioning theory could be applied in this case to rectify Emma’s behaviour through use of the four main principles of operant conditioning. The parents could apply the principle of negative punishment which is to take something good away so as to decrease certain(a) behaviour. Through action of this principle, they could cut away buying of toys to Emma so that she could be built to clean the room. Also through negative reinforcement principle, which is pickings something bad so as to reinforce behaviour could be applied by Emma’s parents. They could stop putting her in time any time that she cleans her room so that she can be strengthened to always clean her room and toys.\r\n extinction of behaviour in o perant conditioning theory can be defined as the disappearance of previously learned behaviour if the behaviour is not reinforced (Hunt et al, 2008). As we have earlier said, reinforcement is the necessity for learning and in which certain behaviour grows. It is either a agent to encourage or discourage certain behaviour (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013). For instance, the Emma is conditioned to the behaviour that when she screams hard and through the toys away, her parents will consume them and clean them up for her. If the parents stopped this behaviour, Emma could not adopt this behaviour because it will neglect reinforcement and slowly it will complete and become extinct.\r\nReferences\r\nHunt, Elgin F. and Colander, David C. (2008). Social Science, An Introduction to the field of battle of Society.\r\nOlson, M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. (2013). An introduction to theories of learning (9th ed.). stop number Saddle; River, NJ: Pearson.\r\nStaddon, J. E. R., & Cerutti, D. T. (2003). Operant conditioning. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 115-44.\r\nSource put down\r\n'